Multimorbidity prevalence and patterns at the baseline of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil).

Background: To identify multimorbidity patterns, by sex, according to sociodemographic and lifestyle in ELSA-Brasil. Methods: Cross-sectional study with 14,516 participants from ELSA-Brasil (2008-2010). Fuzzy c-means was used to identify multimorbidity patterns of 2+ chronic morbidities, where the consequent morbidity had to occur in at least 5% of all cases. Association rule (O/E≥1.5) was used to identify co-occurrence of morbidities, in each cluster, by sociodemographic and lifestyle factors. Results: The prevalence of multimorbidity was higher in women (73.7%) compared to men (65.3%). Among women, cluster 1 was characterized by hypertension/diabetes (13.2%); cluster 2 had no overrepresented morbidity; and cluster 3 all participants had kidney disease. Among men, cluster 1 was characterized by cirrhosis/hepatitis/obesity; cluster 2, most combinations included kidney disease/migraine (6.6%); cluster 3, no pattern reached association ratio; cluster 4 predominated co-occurrence of hypertension/rheumatic fever, and hypertension/dyslipidemia; cluster 5 predominated diabetes and obesity, and combinations with hypertension (8.8%); and cluster 6 presented combinations of diabetes/hypertension/heart attack/angina/heart failure. Clusters were characterized by higher prevalence of adults, married and participants with university degrees. Conclusion: Hypertension/diabetes/obesity were highly co-occurred, in both sexes. Yet, for men, morbidities like cirrhosis/hepatitis were commonly clustered with obesity and diabetes; and kidney disease was commonly clustered with migraine and common mental disorders. The study advances in understanding multimorbidity patterns, benefiting simultaneously or gradually prevention of diseases and multidisciplinary care responses.

Cross-cultural adaptation of discrimination and vigilance scales in ELSA-Brasil.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the process of cross-cultural adaptation for the use in Brazil of the everyday discrimination scale (EDS) and the heightened vigilance scale (HVS) applied in the Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil). METHODS: Conceptual, item and semantic equivalence analyses were conducted by a group of four epidemiologists; evaluation of measurement equivalence (factorial analysis of configural, metric and scalar structures, according to sociodemographic characteristics) and reliability. A total of 11,987 participants responded to the discrimination scale, and a subsample of 260 people participated in the test-retest study. In the case of HVS, 8,916 people responded, while 149 individuals did so in the test-retest study. RESULTS: The scales presented conceptual, item and semantic equivalence pertinent in the Brazilian context, in addition to adequate correspondence of referential/denotative meaning of terms and also of the general/connotative of the items. The confirmatory factor analysis of EDS revealed a unidimensional structure, with residual correlations between two pairs of items, presenting configural and metric invariance among the four subgroups evaluated. Scalar invariance was identified according to sex and age group, but it was not observed for race/color and education. Heightened vigilance showed low loads and high residuals, with inadequate adjustment indicators. For the items of the discrimination scale the weighted kappa coefficient (Kp) ranged from 0.44 to 0.78, and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was 0.87. For HVS items, the Kp ranged from 0.47 to 0.59 and the ICC was 0.83. CONCLUSIONS: Although there are correlated items, it was concluded that the EDS is a promising scale to evaluate experiences of perceived discrimination in Brazilian daily life. However, the heightened vigilance scale did not present equivalence of measurement in the current format.

Depression is a risk factor for metabolic syndrome: Results from the ELSA-Brasil cohort study.

INTRODUCTION: Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) and depression comorbidity has been recognized, but its directionality is still uncertain. The aims of this study was to assess the association between depression (diagnosis and severity) and MetS (components, diagnosis and trajectory) in the baseline and over a 4-year follow-up period. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Baseline and follow-up data from 13,883 participants of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health were analyzed. The Clinical Interview Schedule Revised assessed depressive episode and its severity. MetS components and diagnosis were assessed according to the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III. Participants were grouped according to MetS trajectory as recovered, incident and persistent MetS. Logistic regression analysis was conducted estimating odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). RESULTS: Baseline depression was positively associated with recovered (OR = 1.59, 95%CI 1.18-2.14), incident (OR = 1.45, 95%CI 1.09-1.91) and persistent (OR = 1.70, 95%CI 1.39-2.07) MetS. Baseline depression was also associated with large waist circumference (OR = 1.47, 95%CI 1.23-1.75), high triglycerides (OR = 1.23, 95%CI 1.02-1.49), low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (OR = 1.30, 95%CI 1.08-1.56), and hyperglycemia (OR = 1.38, 95%CI 1.15-1.66) at follow-up. Having three or more MetS components at follow-up was associated with baseline depression, with a positive dose-response effect (OR = 1.77, 95%CI 1.29-2.43; OR = 1.79, 95%CI 1.26-2.54; OR = 2.27, 95%CI 1.50-3.46, respectively). The magnitude of associations was greater in severe depression, when compared to moderate and mild. DISCUSSION: These results support that depression is a risk factor for the development of MetS and highlights the need to follow metabolic and cardiovascular alterations in the presence of depression.

Adaptação transcultural e validação da escala "indicadora de trabalho-vida" (work-life indicator) para uso no Brasil: Estudo Longitudinal de Saúde do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil) / Transcultural adaptation and validation of the work-life indicator scale for use in Brazil: Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil)

Resumo Objetivo: descrever etapas de adaptação transcultural e validade dimensional para uso, no Brasil, da escala "indicadora de trabalho-vida" (work-life indicator). Métodos: realizaram-se análises das equivalências conceitual, de itens e da semântica, conduzidas por pesquisadores experientes em uso de escalas e/ou saúde ocupacional. A escala foi aplicada a participantes da terceira onda do Estudo Longitudinal de Saúde do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil). Procedeu-se, então, a avaliação da equivalência de mensuração, utilizando-se Análises Fatoriais Exploratória (AFE) e Confirmatória (AFC). Resultados: aplicada a 7.277 participantes (50,3% do sexo masculino), a escala apresentou equivalências conceitual, de itens e semântica pertinentes no contexto brasileiro, bem como adequada correspondência de significado referencial/denotativa de termos e geral/conotativa dos itens. As AFE e AFC corroboraram a estrutura teórica de três dimensões - i) vida pessoal invadindo trabalho, ii) trabalho invadindo vida pessoal e iii) controle de limites percebidos -, com indicadores de ajuste adequados após a exclusão de dois itens da primeira dimensão. Na AFC, obteve-se índice de ajuste comparativo=0,968, índice de Tucker-Lewis=0,957 e raiz do erro quadrático médio de aproximação=0,039 (IC90%: 0,035;0,041). Conclusão: a escala é promissora para avaliar o gerenciamento de limites entre trabalho e vida pessoal no contexto brasileiro, assim como facilitará a realização de estudos sobre a influência desse gerenciamento na saúde e bem-estar dos(as) trabalhadores(as).

Abstract Objective: to describe the stages in the transcultural adaptation and dimensional validation of the "life-work indicator" scale for use in Brazil. Methods: equivalence analyses regarding concept, items, and semantics were conducted by researchers experienced in using scales and/or occupational health. The scale was applied to the third wave of the Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (Estudo Longitudinal de Saúde do Adulto, ELSA-Brasil). Measurement equivalence was then assessed using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Results: applied to 7,277 participants (50.3% of them male), the scale displayed equivalences regarding concept, items, and semantics proper to the Brazilian context, as well as appropriate correspondences in referential/denotative meaning of terms and overall/connotative meaning of items. EFA and CFA corroborated its theoretical structure in three dimensions -i) personal life invading work, ii) work invading personal life, and iii) perceived boundary control - returning suitable fit indices after exclusion of two items from the first dimension. CFA returned comparative fit index of 0.968, Tucker-Lewis index of 0.957, and root mean square error of approximation of 0.039 (90%CI: 0.035;0.041). Conclusion: the scale shows to be promising for assessing the management of boundaries between work and personal life in the Brazilian context, and will facilitate studies on the influence of such management on workers' health and wellbeing.

Consumption of Omega-3 and Maintenance and Incidence of Depressive Episodes: The ELSA-Brasil Study.

Depression affects 264 million persons in the world, accounting for some 4.3% of the global burden of disease. Current studies indicate that the decrease in the consumption of omega-3 food sources is associated with the increasing incidence of depression. The study aims to assess the association between the consumption of omega-3 and the maintenance and incidence of depressive episodes in adults (39−64 years) and elderly adults (>65 years). This was a longitudinal study using data from the baseline and first follow-up wave of the Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil). Depressive episodes were obtained with the Clinical Interview Schedule Revised (CIS-R), and food consumption was measured with the Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ). Logistic regression was used to analyze associations between the consumption of omega-3 and depressive episodes. Fatty acids from the omega-3 family showed a protective effect against the maintenance of depressive episodes. In relation to incidence, the estimates suggest that the higher the consumption of omega-3 acids, the lower the risk of developing depressive episodes, and significant associations were found between the consumption of omega-3 and alpha-linolenic acid. Dietary consumption of omega-3, DHA, EPA, DPA, and alpha linolenic fatty acids may have a protective effect against the maintenance and incidence of depressive episodes.

Association between job stress and quality of life in nutritionists working in public hospitals in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Occupational stress has been the object of research in different populations. The aim of this study is to analyze the association between psychosocial job stress and quality of life of nutritionists working in public hospitals in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Cross-sectional study in public hospitals with nutritionists working as civil servants and CLT. Psychosocial job stress was assessed through the Demand-Control-Support Questionnaire. Quality of life was assessed through the WHOQOL-Bref. The outcome was modeled by means of multiple linear regression and adjusted by covariates. Job demands were inversely associated with quality of life in the physical and environment domains. Job control was directly associated with quality of life in the psychological domain. High strain, in comparison to low strain, was inversely associated with quality of life in the physical and psychological domains. Social support was directly associated with all fields of quality of life domains. Psychosocial job stress, as expressed by psychological job demands and job control, affects self-assessed quality of life, especially in the physical domain.

Association between job stress and quality of life in nutritionists working in public hospitals in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil / Associação entre estresse no trabalho e qualidade de vida em nutricionistas que trabalham em hospitais públicos do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

Abstract Occupational stress has been the object of research in different populations. The aim of this study is to analyze the association between psychosocial job stress and quality of life of nutritionists working in public hospitals in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Cross-sectional study in public hospitals with nutritionists working as civil servants and CLT. Psychosocial job stress was assessed through the Demand-Control-Support Questionnaire. Quality of life was assessed through the WHOQOL-Bref. The outcome was modeled by means of multiple linear regression and adjusted by covariates. Job demands were inversely associated with quality of life in the physical and environment domains. Job control was directly associated with quality of life in the psychological domain. High strain, in comparison to low strain, was inversely associated with quality of life in the physical and psychological domains. Social support was directly associated with all fields of quality of life domains. Psychosocial job stress, as expressed by psychological job demands and job control, affects self-assessed quality of life, especially in the physical domain.

Resumo O estresse ocupacional tem sido objeto de pesquisas em diferentes populações. O objetivo deste estudo é analisar a associação entre estresse psicossocial no trabalho e qualidade de vida de nutricionistas que trabalham em hospitais públicos do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Estudo seccional em hospitais da rede pública do município do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Participaram do estudo os nutricionistas com regime de trabalho estatutário ou celetista. O estresse psicossocial no trabalho foi avaliado por meio do questionário de demanda-controle-apoio social (DCSQ). A qualidade de vida foi avaliada por meio do WHOQOL-Bref. O desfecho foi modelado por meio de regressão linear múltipla e ajustado por covariáveis. A demanda de trabalho associou-se inversamente à qualidade de vida nos domínios físico e meio ambiente. O controle do trabalho esteve diretamente associado à qualidade de vida no domínio psicológico. O alto desgaste, em comparação ao baixo desgaste, esteve inversamente associado à qualidade de vida nos domínios físico e psicológico. O apoio social esteve diretamente associado a todos os domínios de qualidade de vida. O estresse psicossocial no trabalho, expresso pelas demandas psicológicas e pelo controle do trabalho, afeta a autoavaliação da qualidade de vida, principalmente no domínio físico.

Direito humano à alimentação adequada: fome, desigualdade e pobreza como obstáculos para garantir direitos sociais / Human right to adequate food: hunger, inequality and poverty as obstacles to guaranteeing social rights

Resumo: Este ensaio tem como objetivo refletir sobre o direito humano à alimentação adequada, de forma universal e permanente, ante a pobreza e a desigualdade social. Expressa a dificuldade das sociedades para eliminar o espectro da fome. Argumenta-se que o direito humano à alimentação adequada dificilmente será materializado sem a superação da fome, da pobreza e da desigualdade social, fenômenos interdependentes e que se inter-relacionam, inerentes e necessários à sociabilidade capitalista.

Abstract: This essay aims to reflect on the human right to proper food, in an universal and permanent way, in the face of poverty and social inequality. It expresses the difficulty of societies to eliminate the spectrum of starvation. It is argued that the human right to adequate food is unlikely to be materialized without overcoming hunger, poverty and social inequality, interdependent and interrelated phenomena, inherent and necessary to capitalist sociability.

Associations of depression and intake of antioxidants and vitamin B complex: Results of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil).

BACKGROUND: Optimum functioning of the central nervous system is dependent on a wide range of nutrients, so mental illness can be impacted by diet via several mechanisms. We aimed to investigate the associations of antioxidants (vitamin A, C and E, and selenium and zinc) and vitamin B complex (B6, folate and B12) intake with depression in 14,737 subjects of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health. METHODS: Baseline cross-sectional data was analyzed. Micronutrients intake was measured using the Food Frequency Questionnaire, and depression was assessed using the Clinical Interview Schedule Revised. Logistic regression models were built using daily intake quintiles of micronutrients. RESULTS: A significant inverse relationship was observed between depression and higher intake of selenium, zinc, vitamins B6 and B12 for the total sample. Among women, a similar pattern of associations was observed, in addition to the higher intake of vitamins A and C. Among men, a significant inverse relationship between depression was observed only with the intake of vitamins B12 and B6. Higher total antioxidant intake was significantly associated with lower odds of depression and an inverse dose-response effect between total antioxidant intake and clinical severity of depression was observed among women, in adjusted models. LIMITATIONS: Recall bias in assessing diet. Misclassification bias regarding current depression. CONCLUSIONS: Depression is associated with lower intake of antioxidants and B vitamins. Higher intake of selected micronutrients may contribute to reduce depression occurrence and severity.

Cross-cultural adaptation of discrimination and vigilance scales in ELSA-Brasil / Adaptação transcultural de escalas de discriminação e vigilância no ELSA-Brasil

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To describe the process of cross-cultural adaptation for the use in Brazil of the everyday discrimination scale (EDS) and the heightened vigilance scale (HVS) applied in the Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil). METHODS Conceptual, item and semantic equivalence analyses were conducted by a group of four epidemiologists; evaluation of measurement equivalence (factorial analysis of configural, metric and scalar structures, according to sociodemographic characteristics) and reliability. A total of 11,987 participants responded to the discrimination scale, and a subsample of 260 people participated in the test-retest study. In the case of HVS, 8,916 people responded, while 149 individuals did so in the test-retest study. RESULTS The scales presented conceptual, item and semantic equivalence pertinent in the Brazilian context, in addition to adequate correspondence of referential/denotative meaning of terms and also of the general/connotative of the items. The confirmatory factor analysis of EDS revealed a unidimensional structure, with residual correlations between two pairs of items, presenting configural and metric invariance among the four subgroups evaluated. Scalar invariance was identified according to sex and age group, but it was not observed for race/color and education. Heightened vigilance showed low loads and high residuals, with inadequate adjustment indicators. For the items of the discrimination scale the weighted kappa coefficient (Kp) ranged from 0.44 to 0.78, and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was 0.87. For HVS items, the Kp ranged from 0.47 to 0.59 and the ICC was 0.83. CONCLUSIONS Although there are correlated items, it was concluded that the EDS is a promising scale to evaluate experiences of perceived discrimination in Brazilian daily life. However, the heightened vigilance scale did not present equivalence of measurement in the current format.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Descrever o processo de adaptação transcultural para o uso no Brasil das escalas de discriminação no dia a dia (EDD) e vigilância intensificada (EVI), aplicadas no Estudo Longitudinal de Saúde do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil). MÉTODOS Foram realizadas análises das equivalências conceitual, de itens e semântica conduzidas por um grupo de quatro epidemiologistas; avaliação da equivalência de mensuração (análise fatorial das estruturas configural, métrica e escalares, segundo características sociodemográficas) e a confiabilidade. Responderam à escala de discriminação 11.987 participantes e uma subamostra de 260 pessoas participaram do estudo teste-reteste. No caso da EVI, 8.916 pessoas responderam e 149 indivíduos no estudo teste-reteste. RESULTADOS As escalas apresentaram equivalências conceitual, de itens e semântica pertinentes no contexto brasileiro, além de adequada correspondência de significado referencial/denotativa de termos e também da geral/conotativa dos itens. A análise fatorial confirmatória da EDD revelou estrutura unidimensional, com correlações residuais entre dois pares de itens, apresentando invariância configural e métrica entre os quatro subgrupos avaliados. Identificou-se invariância escalar segundo sexo e faixa etária, mas não foi observada para recortes de raça/cor e escolaridade. A vigilância intensificada apresentou cargas baixas e resíduos altos, com indicadores de ajuste inadequados. Para os itens da escala de discriminação o coeficiente de concordância kappa ponderado (Kp) variou de 0,44 a 0,78, e o coeficiente de correlação intraclasse (CCI) foi 0,87. Para os itens da EVI, o Kp variou de 0,47 a 0,59 e o CCI foi 0,83. CONCLUSÕES Embora haja itens correlacionados, concluiu-se que a EDD é uma escala promissora para avaliar experiências de discriminação percebidas no cotidiano brasileiro. Entretanto, a EVI não apresentou equivalência de mensuração no formato atual.

Dietary patterns in a nursing team measured by principal component analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize the dietary pattern of nursing professionals at a public hospital in Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. METHOD: A sectional study with nursing professionals (nurses, technicians and nursing assistants). Two 24-hour food recall records were applied, totaling 459 foods, being reduced to 24 food groups. Food patterns were identified using the Principal Component Analysis technique, followed by orthogonal varimax rotation. A Scree Plot graph indicated three factors to be extracted and loads > +0.30 were adopted to define dietary patterns. RESULTS: A total of 309 professionals participated. The sample consisted of 85.8% of female individuals. The patterns were named "traditional" which included rice (0.747), beans (0.702) and meat (0.713); "healthy": vegetables (0.444), greens (0.450), fruits (0.459), bananas and oranges (0.379), and "snacks": sugar (0.661), bread (0.471), cakes and cookies (0.334), non-alcoholic drinks (0.727). CONCLUSION: The results highlight the "traditional" food pattern of Brazilian food consumption based on the combination of rice, beans and meat. Future studies may investigate the effect of dietary patterns on health outcomes among nursing workers.

Condições clínicas, nutricionais e sociais de crianças com doença falciforme acompanhadas em um centro de referência: estudo descritivo / Clinical, nutitional and family conditions of children with sickle cell disease followed up in a referral hematology center: a descriptive study

Objetivo: Descrever as características clínicas, sociais e nutricionais de crianças com doença falciforme de 5-9 anos. Método: Trata-se de estudo seccional em amostra aleatória de 190 crianças avaliada entre 2015 e 2016, cadastradas em um hospital de referência em hematologia do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Resultados: A maioria das crianças estudadas possuía o genótipo Hb SS (65,3%), teve seu diagnóstico na triagem neonatal (91%) e iniciou o acompanhamento médico antes dos seis meses de idade (91,5%). Excesso de peso e baixa estatura foram encontrados em 14,2% e 6,2% das crianças, respectivamente. Em relação às condições sociais da família, a maioria dos pais possuíam companheiros (60,5%), viviam com até meio salário mínimo (55,8%) e as mulheres deixaram seus empregos para acompanhar o tratamento da criança (52,4%). Conclusão: As crianças com doença falciforme foram diagnosticadas precocemente, aproximadamente um sexto delas estavam em excesso de peso e 20% declararam renda de até um quarto de salário mínimo. O fortalecimento da rede de atenção no SUS às pessoas com DF é uma importante medida para mitigar os problemas identificados neste estudo. (AU)

Objective: To describe the clinical, social and nutritional characteristics of children with sickle cell disease aged 5 to 9 years. Method: Cross-sectional study carried out in 2015- 2016 with a random sample of 190 children receiving care at a reference hematology hospital in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Results: The majority of the children had the genotype Hb SS (65.3%), were diagnosed with SCD during newborn screening (91%) and began clinical treatment before six months of age (91.5%). Overweight and low stature were found in 4.2% and 6.2% of the children, respectively. With respect to the household socioeconomic conditions, most of the parents had a partner (60.5%), lived with up to half the minimum wage (55.8%), and the women quitted their jobs to take care of their children (52.4%). Conclusion: Children with sickle cell disease were diagnosed early; nearly one sixth of them were overweight; and 20% of the parents had income of up to one fourth of the minimum wage. Strengthening the health care network in SUS for individuals with SCD is of vital importance to mitigate the problems identified in this study. (AU)

Dietary patterns in a nursing team measured by principal component analysis / Patrones dietéticos medidos por análisis de componentes principales en un equipo de enfermeira / Padrões alimentares medidos por análise de componentes principais em equipe de enfermagem

Abstract Objective: To characterize the dietary pattern of nursing professionals at a public hospital in Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. Method: A sectional study with nursing professionals (nurses, technicians and nursing assistants). Two 24-hour food recall records were applied, totaling 459 foods, being reduced to 24 food groups. Food patterns were identified using the Principal Component Analysis technique, followed by orthogonal varimax rotation. A Scree Plot graph indicated three factors to be extracted and loads > +0.30 were adopted to define dietary patterns. Results: A total of 309 professionals participated. The sample consisted of 85.8% of female individuals. The patterns were named "traditional" which included rice (0.747), beans (0.702) and meat (0.713); "healthy": vegetables (0.444), greens (0.450), fruits (0.459), bananas and oranges (0.379), and "snacks": sugar (0.661), bread (0.471), cakes and cookies (0.334), non-alcoholic drinks (0.727). Conclusion: The results highlight the "traditional" food pattern of Brazilian food consumption based on the combination of rice, beans and meat. Future studies may investigate the effect of dietary patterns on health outcomes among nursing workers.

Resumen Objetivo: Caracterizar el nivel de alimentación de los profesionales de la enfermería en un hospital público de Río de Janeiro. Método: Estudio seccional, con profesionales de la enfermería (enfermeras, técnicos y auxiliares de enfermería). Se aplicaron dos retiros de alimentos de 24 horas, totalizando 459 alimentos, que se redujeron a 24 grupos de alimentos. Los patrones de alimentación se identificaron con la técnica de Análisis de Componentes Principales, seguida de la rotación ortogonal varimax. El gráfico de sedimentación (Scree Plot) indicó tres factores a extraer y se adoptaron cargas > +0,30 para definir los patrones de alimentación. Resultados: 309 profesionales participaron. La muestra comprendía el 85,8% de individuos femeninos. Las normas se denominaron "tradicionales", que incluían arroz (0,747), frijoles (0,702) y carne (0,713); "saludables": verduras (0,444), hortalizas (0,450), frutas (0,459), plátano y naranja (0,379), y "aperitivos": azúcar (0,661), pan (0,471), pasteles y galletas (0,334), bebidas no alcohólicas (0,727). Conclusión: Los resultados resaltan el patrón "tradicional" de consumo de comida brasileña basado en la combinación de arroz, frijoles y carne. Es posible que en estudios futuros se investigue el efecto de las pautas de alimentación en los resultados de salud de los trabajadores de enfermería.

Resumo Objetivo: Caracterizar o padrão alimentar dos profissionais de enfermagem de um hospital público do Rio de Janeiro. Método: Estudo seccional, com profissionais de enfermagem (enfermeiros, técnicos e auxiliares de enfermagem). Dois recordatórios alimentares de 24 horas foram aplicados, totalizando 459 alimentos, sendo reduzidos a 24 grupos alimentares. Identificaram-se os padrões alimentares com a técnica de Análise de Componentes Principais, seguida da rotação ortogonal varimax. O gráfico Scree Plot indicou três fatores a serem extraídos e cargas > + 0,30 foram adotadas para definição dos padrões alimentares. Resultados: Participaram 309 profissionais. A amostra foi composta por 85,8% dos indivíduos do sexo feminino. Os padrões foram nomeados de "tradicional" que incluiu arroz (0,747), feijão (0,702) e carnes (0,713); "saudável": legumes (0,444), hortaliças (0,450), frutas (0,459), banana e laranja (0,379), e "lanche": açúcar (0,661), pão (0,471), bolos e biscoitos (0,334), bebida não alcoólica (0,727). Conclusão: Os resultados destacam o padrão alimentar "tradicional" de consumo de alimentos brasileiros baseado na combinação arroz, feijão e carnes. Estudos futuros poderão investigar o efeito dos padrões alimentares sobre desfechos de saúde entre os trabalhadores de enfermagem.

Incidence of weight gain in hospital workers: survival analysis. / Incidência de ganho de peso em trabalhadores de um hospital: análise de sobrevivência.

Weight gain in adult life may be responsible for chronic diseases, and follow-up of this may be a subsidy to avoid these diseases. The objective was to analyze the weight gain and associated factors in workers of a private hospital in the city of Rio de Janeiro. This is a retrospective cohort of 686 workers, who performed at least two occupational health exams (admission and periodic) between 2010 and 2015. The Kaplan-Meier method and the Cox proportional hazards regression model were used. The incidence of weight gain of hospital workers was 22 cases / 100 person-years. The weight gain in workers over 30 years old was 35% lower (p < 0.001) when compared to weight gain in those up to 30 years of age. Regarding schooling, the incidence rates of weight gain among workers at primary and secondary levels were higher, with a magnitude of up to 61%, compared to those at a higher level (p < 0.001); And in the closed sector it was 63% higher when compared to the open sector (p < 0.001). Weight gain is a multifaceted and complex phenomenon, being the work sectors of a hospital unit a strong causer of occurrences of the event.

O ganho de peso na vida adulta pode ser responsável por doenças crônicas, e seu acompanhamento pode ser um subsídio para evitar esses agravos. O objetivo foi analisar o ganho de peso e fatores associados em trabalhadores de um hospital privado no município do Rio de Janeiro. Trata-se de uma coorte retrospectiva com 686 trabalhadores, que realizaram ao menos dois exames de saúde ocupacionais (admissional e periódico) entre os anos de 2010 e 2015. O método de Kaplan-Meier e o modelo de regressão semiparamétrico de riscos proporcionais de Cox foram utilizados. A incidência de ganho de peso dos trabalhadores do hospital foi de 22 casos/100 pessoas-ano. O ganho de peso nos trabalhadores com mais de 30 anos foi 35% menor (p < 0,001), quando comparado ao ganho de peso naqueles de até 30 anos. Em relação à escolaridade, as taxas de incidência de ganho de peso nos trabalhadores de níveis fundamental e médio se apresentaram maiores, com magnitude de até 61%, comparadas aos de nível superior completo (p < 0,001); e no setor de trabalho considerado fechado foi 63% maior quando comparada ao setor aberto (p < 0,001). Ganho de peso é um fenômeno multifacetado e complexo, podendo os setores de trabalho de uma unidade hospitalar contribuir fortemente para a ocorrência do mesmo.

Incidência de ganho de peso em trabalhadores de um hospital: análise de sobrevivência / Incidence of weight gain in hospital workers: survival analysis

Resumo O ganho de peso na vida adulta pode ser responsável por doenças crônicas, e seu acompanhamento pode ser um subsídio para evitar esses agravos. O objetivo foi analisar o ganho de peso e fatores associados em trabalhadores de um hospital privado no município do Rio de Janeiro. Trata-se de uma coorte retrospectiva com 686 trabalhadores, que realizaram ao menos dois exames de saúde ocupacionais (admissional e periódico) entre os anos de 2010 e 2015. O método de Kaplan-Meier e o modelo de regressão semiparamétrico de riscos proporcionais de Cox foram utilizados. A incidência de ganho de peso dos trabalhadores do hospital foi de 22 casos/100 pessoas-ano. O ganho de peso nos trabalhadores com mais de 30 anos foi 35% menor (p < 0,001), quando comparado ao ganho de peso naqueles de até 30 anos. Em relação à escolaridade, as taxas de incidência de ganho de peso nos trabalhadores de níveis fundamental e médio se apresentaram maiores, com magnitude de até 61%, comparadas aos de nível superior completo (p < 0,001); e no setor de trabalho considerado fechado foi 63% maior quando comparada ao setor aberto (p < 0,001). Ganho de peso é um fenômeno multifacetado e complexo, podendo os setores de trabalho de uma unidade hospitalar contribuir fortemente para a ocorrência do mesmo.

Abstract Weight gain in adult life may be responsible for chronic diseases, and follow-up of this may be a subsidy to avoid these diseases. The objective was to analyze the weight gain and associated factors in workers of a private hospital in the city of Rio de Janeiro. This is a retrospective cohort of 686 workers, who performed at least two occupational health exams (admission and periodic) between 2010 and 2015. The Kaplan-Meier method and the Cox proportional hazards regression model were used. The incidence of weight gain of hospital workers was 22 cases / 100 person-years. The weight gain in workers over 30 years old was 35% lower (p < 0.001) when compared to weight gain in those up to 30 years of age. Regarding schooling, the incidence rates of weight gain among workers at primary and secondary levels were higher, with a magnitude of up to 61%, compared to those at a higher level (p < 0.001); And in the closed sector it was 63% higher when compared to the open sector (p < 0.001). Weight gain is a multifaceted and complex phenomenon, being the work sectors of a hospital unit a strong causer of occurrences of the event.

The identification of food patterns: a comparison of principal component and principal axis factoring techniques. / Identificação de padrões alimentares: comparação das técnicas de análise de componentes principais e de principais eixos fatoriais.

INTRODUCTION: Dietary patterns are based on the concept that food consumed together or by itself is as important as food or nutrient intake. OBJECTIVES: To identify dietary patterns in a sample of nursing professionals and to explore the differences between the patterns found using two techniques: principal components (PC) and principal factorial axis (PAF). METHOD: The current report was based on data from 309 participants on a nursing team at a public hospital in Rio de Janeiro. A 24-hour dietary recall was used, resulting in 24 food groups. To identify the dietary patterns, we applied a multivariate analysis, specifically the PC and the PAF, followed by a Varimax orthogonal rotation. RESULTS: The Cattell graphic test indicated three factors to be extracted. The communality varied between 0.41 and 0.76. Higher loads than 0.30 were considered in the pattern composition. The two methods identified similar dietary patterns, called traditional patterns. The other two patterns were nominated as healthy and snacks, having inverted position of factors in the applied techniques. CONCLUSION: The observed differences refer to: the number of food groups that enter the composition of components and factors; the size of the smaller loads in the PAF and the order of the alimentary patterns, especially those derived from loads of a smaller magnitude. However, these differences do not seem to impact the interpretability of dietary patterns in this population.

INTRODUÇÃO: O padrão alimentar tem como base conceitual o fato de que os alimentos consumidos em conjunto são tão importantes quanto o consumo de alimentos ou nutrientes isoladamente. OBJETIVOS: Identificar padrões alimentares em amostra de profissionais de enfermagem e explorar a diferença entre os padrões encontrados, utilizando para isso duas técnicas: componentes principais (CP) e principais eixos fatoriais (PAF). MÉTODO: O presente estudo foi baseado nos dados de 309 participantes de enfermagem de um hospital público do Rio de Janeiro. Foi utilizado o recordatório alimentar de 24 horas, resultando em 24 grupos alimentares. Para identificar os padrões alimentares, foram aplicadas as técnicas CP e PAF, seguidas da rotação ortogonal Varimax. RESULTADOS: O gráfico de Cattell indicou três fatores a serem extraídos. A comunalidade variou de 0,41 a 0,76, considerando cargas maiores do que 0,30 na composição do padrão. Os dois métodos identificaram padrões alimentares semelhantes, destacando o primeiro padrão, tradicional, nas duas técnicas. Os outros dois padrões foram nomeados de saudável e lanche, tendo posição inversa nas técnicas aplicadas. CONCLUSÃO: As diferenças observadas referem-se: ao número de grupos alimentares que entram na composição dos componentes e dos fatores; à magnitude das cargas menores com PAF e à ordem dos padrões alimentares, especialmente aqueles derivados com cargas de menor magnitude. Essas diferenças, entretanto, parecem não impactar na interpretabilidade dos padrões alimentares nessa população.

Food insecurity and social support in families of children with sickle-cell disease / Insegurança alimentar e apoio social em famílias de crianças com doença falciforme

Abstract Objective: To examine the associations between food insecurity (IA) and social support in families of children with sickle-cell disease (DF). Methods: This cross-sectional study in families of 190 children from five to nine years old in follow-up at a hematology referral hospital in Rio de Janeiro State. IA was measured using the Brazilian food insecurity scale and social support was measured using the Brazilian version of the MOS social support survey instrument. The relation between IA and social support was analyzed by way of a multinomial logistic model. Results: There was IA in 62.2% of the families, in moderate and severe form in, respectively, 11.1% and 7.9% of cases. In families of children with DF, levels of mild and severe food insecurity (IALe and IAGr) were found to relate inversely to levels of social support in the following dimensions: informational support (IALe OR = 0.98; 95% CI 0.96-0.99 and IAGr OR = 0.95; 95% CI 0.92-0.98); social interaction (IALe OR = 0.98; 95% CI 0.96-0.99 and IAGr OR = 0.96; 95% CI 0.93-0.99) and tangible social support (IALe OR = 0.97; 95% CI 0.96-0.99 and IAGr OR = 0.97; 95% CI 0.94-0.99). Conclusion: Considering the positive effects of social support on IA, public policies should be encouraged to assure food and nutritional security and social assistance for care for people with DF. Also, social support groups for people with DF should be strengthened.

Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar as associações entre insegurança alimentar (IA) e apoio social em famílias de crianças com doença falciforme (DF). Métodos: Estudo transversal feito com as famílias de 190 crianças, de cinco a nove anos, atendidas em um hospital de referência em hematologia no Estado do Rio de Janeiro. A IA foi medida com a escala brasileira de insegurança alimentar e o apoio social foi medido com a versão brasileira do instrumento de pesquisa de apoio social MOS. A relação entre IA e o apoio social foi analisada por meio de um modelo logístico multinomial. Resultados: Havia IA em 62,2% das famílias, nas formas moderada e grave em 11,1% e 7,9% dos casos, respectivamente. Em famílias de crianças com DF, os níveis de insegurança alimentar leve e grave (IAL e IAG) apresentaram relação inversa com os níveis de apoio social nas seguintes dimensões: apoio informativo (IAL OR = 0,98; IC 95%: 0,96-0,99 e IAG OR = 0,95; IC 95%: 0,92-0,98); interação social (IAL OR = 0,98; IC 95%: 0,96-0,99 e IAG OR = 0,96; IC 95%: 0,93-0,99) e material (apoio social tangível) (IAL OR = 0,97; IC 95%: 0,96-0,99 e IAG OR = 0,97; 95% CI 0,94-0,99). Conclusão: Considerando os efeitos positivos do apoio social na IA, as políticas públicas devem ser encorajadas a garantir segurança alimentar e nutricional e assistência social para o atendimento de pessoas com DF. Além disso, os grupos de apoio social para pessoas com DF devem ser fortalecidos.

Food insecurity and social support in families of children with sickle-cell disease.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the associations between food insecurity (IA) and social support in families of children with sickle-cell disease (DF). METHODS: This cross-sectional study in families of 190 children from five to nine years old in follow-up at a hematology referral hospital in Rio de Janeiro State. IA was measured using the Brazilian food insecurity scale and social support was measured using the Brazilian version of the MOS social support survey instrument. The relation between IA and social support was analyzed by way of a multinomial logistic model. RESULTS: There was IA in 62.2% of the families, in moderate and severe form in, respectively, 11.1% and 7.9% of cases. In families of children with DF, levels of mild and severe food insecurity (IALe and IAGr) were found to relate inversely to levels of social support in the following dimensions: informational support (IALe OR=0.98; 95% CI 0.96-0.99 and IAGr OR=0.95; 95% CI 0.92-0.98); social interaction (IALe OR=0.98; 95% CI 0.96-0.99 and IAGr OR=0.96; 95% CI 0.93-0.99) and tangible social support (IALe OR=0.97; 95% CI 0.96-0.99 and IAGr OR=0.97; 95% CI 0.94-0.99). CONCLUSION: Considering the positive effects of social support on IA, public policies should be encouraged to assure food and nutritional security and social assistance for care for people with DF. Also, social support groups for people with DF should be strengthened.

Identificação de padrões alimentares: comparação das técnicas de análise de componentes principais e de principais eixos fatoriais / The identification of food patterns: a comparison of principal component and principal axis factoring techniques

RESUMO: Introdução: O padrão alimentar tem como base conceitual o fato de que os alimentos consumidos em conjunto são tão importantes quanto o consumo de alimentos ou nutrientes isoladamente. Objetivos: Identificar padrões alimentares em amostra de profissionais de enfermagem e explorar a diferença entre os padrões encontrados, utilizando para isso duas técnicas: componentes principais (CP) e principais eixos fatoriais (PAF). Método: O presente estudo foi baseado nos dados de 309 participantes de enfermagem de um hospital público do Rio de Janeiro. Foi utilizado o recordatório alimentar de 24 horas, resultando em 24 grupos alimentares. Para identificar os padrões alimentares, foram aplicadas as técnicas CP e PAF, seguidas da rotação ortogonal Varimax. Resultados: O gráfico de Cattell indicou três fatores a serem extraídos. A comunalidade variou de 0,41 a 0,76, considerando cargas maiores do que 0,30 na composição do padrão. Os dois métodos identificaram padrões alimentares semelhantes, destacando o primeiro padrão, tradicional, nas duas técnicas. Os outros dois padrões foram nomeados de saudável e lanche, tendo posição inversa nas técnicas aplicadas. Conclusão: As diferenças observadas referem-se: ao número de grupos alimentares que entram na composição dos componentes e dos fatores; à magnitude das cargas menores com PAF e à ordem dos padrões alimentares, especialmente aqueles derivados com cargas de menor magnitude. Essas diferenças, entretanto, parecem não impactar na interpretabilidade dos padrões alimentares nessa população.

ABSTRACT: Introduction: Dietary patterns are based on the concept that food consumed together or by itself is as important as food or nutrient intake. Objectives: To identify dietary patterns in a sample of nursing professionals and to explore the differences between the patterns found using two techniques: principal components (PC) and principal factorial axis (PAF). Method: The current report was based on data from 309 participants on a nursing team at a public hospital in Rio de Janeiro. A 24-hour dietary recall was used, resulting in 24 food groups. To identify the dietary patterns, we applied a multivariate analysis, specifically the PC and the PAF, followed by a Varimax orthogonal rotation. Results: The Cattell graphic test indicated three factors to be extracted. The communality varied between 0.41 and 0.76. Higher loads than 0.30 were considered in the pattern composition. The two methods identified similar dietary patterns, called traditional patterns. The other two patterns were nominated as healthy and snacks, having inverted position of factors in the applied techniques. Conclusion: The observed differences refer to: the number of food groups that enter the composition of components and factors; the size of the smaller loads in the PAF and the order of the alimentary patterns, especially those derived from loads of a smaller magnitude. However, these differences do not seem to impact the interpretability of dietary patterns in this population.

Restaurante popular: a política social em questão / Popular restaurants: social policies under debate

Resumo As políticas públicas sociais são reconhecidas, nesse ensaio, como imperativas, nos marcos das sociedades capitalistas, para materialização de direitos e necessidades humanas. No Brasil, e nos demais países capitalistas, as políticas sociais se instituíram como desdobramento das lutas de classe, caminho para a conquista de direitos e diminuição de desigualdades. No entanto, dependentes da liberação de recursos públicos, mostram-se fragmentadas e descontínuas. No que tange às políticas sociais, no âmbito da segurança alimentar e nutricional, o Programa de Rede de Equipamentos Públicos de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional, com destaque para os restaurantes populares, tem como objetivo promover o acesso da população urbana à alimentação adequada, a preços acessíveis, com prioridade aos segmentos mais vulneráveis. Nascidos sob a égide da desigualdade social, originalmente na década de 1940, continuam sendo utilizados para minimizar desajustamentos políticos, sociais e econômicos. A contribuição efetiva desses restaurantes é amenizar a situação de insegurança alimentar, entretanto a irregularidade dos recursos públicos e a restrita participação e controle sociais podem comprometer a execução da política social e a materialização do direito humano à alimentação. O fechamento dos 16 restaurantes, em 2016, no Rio de Janeiro, significou abrir mão do atendimento emergencial e da necessária proteção social.

Abstract Public social policies are recognized, in this paper, as imperative, in capitalist societies, to enforce rights and fulfill human needs. In Brazil, and also in other capitalist countries, social policies were developed as a result of class struggle. However, when dependent on the release of public funds, these policies can be discontinuous. In terms of social policies, and in the context of food and nutritional security, Brazil's Network of Public Facilities for Food and Nutritional Security and, particularly, the so-called popular restaurants, are aimed at providing the urban population with access to adequate food at affordable prices, thus giving priority to the most vulnerable people. The restaurants were originally created in the 1940s, and they are still being used to minimize political, social and economic imbalances. The effective contribution of these restaurants is to mitigate the situation of food insecurity. However, the irregular availability of public funds and the limited participation and control of society can compromise the implementation of this social policy and the fulfillment of the human right to food. Therefore, the shutdown of 16 restaurants, in 2016, in Rio de Janeiro, meant to relinquish the provision of emergency care and social protection.